There are multiple ways to create two- and three-dimensional models of atoms and molecules. With the advent of cutting-edge apparatus that can image samples at the atomic scale, scientists found that ...

The recombination of electron shells in molecules, taking just a few dozen attoseconds (a billionth of a billionth of a second) can now be viewed 'live,' thanks to a new method. The recombination of ...

When you buy through links on our articles, Future and its syndication partners may earn a commission. An illustration of X-rays scattering off the valence electrons surrounding ammonia molecules ...

Ryan is a tech/science writer, skeptic, lover of all things electronic, and Android fan. In his spare time he reads golden-age sci-fi and sleeps, but rarely at the same time. His wife tolerates him as ...