To multiply two numbers by hand takes a few steps but it's something we're taught in school. When dealing with big numbers, really big numbers, we need to a quicker way to do things.

By transforming operands into a Montgomery domain, these algorithms enable efficient modular multiplication and exponentiation, which are crucial for public-key cryptosystems.

High-performance matrix multiplication remains a cornerstone of numerical computing, underpinning a wide array of applications from scientific simulations to machine learning. Researchers ...