The scapula plays a central role in shoulder function, acting as a dynamic platform that links trunk movement to the upper limb via precise three-dimensional rotations and translations. Scapular ...

Background The knowledge of 3-dimensional (3D) scapular kinematics is essential for understanding the pathological lesions of shoulder and elbow in throwing athletes. To date, a number of studies ...

Background This study set out to offer a three-dimensional description of scapular kinematics and scapulohumeral rhythm (SHR) of healthy subjects during arm elevation and lowering, as well as to ...

Background: Abnormal scapular displacements during arm elevation have been observed in people with shoulder impingement syndrome. These abnormal scapular displacements were evaluated using different ...